Monday, January 27, 2020

Examples of Unethical Experiments

Examples of Unethical Experiments Section 1 HISTORICAL CASES Nazi Experimentations –Testing the effectiveness of sulfanilamide and other drugs in curbing infections. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT MET: Respect for Human dignity Informed Consent Privacy Respect for Vulnerable persons Minimizing harm and maximizing benefit The persons involved in these experiments, were Human beings. Their privacy was invaded by these Nazi doctors. There was coercion – they did not have a say in terms of what was being done to them. Having battlefield wounds being inflicted, was not a voluntary decision by these people. Since the doctors in Nazi Germany were guided by utilitarian moral principles, they did not need to consider informed consent. Experiments were conducted with no considerations for the wellbeing of the subject from the possibilities of injury, disability, or death. In these experiments the subjects experienced extreme pain, resulting in permanent injury, mutilation, or death. Respect for these subjects in the eyes of the Nazis was not a priority, as they were seen to be â€Å"Less-Human.† These people were vulnerable to the Nazis, and to whatever was being done to them. Minimizing harm was not a consideration that was taken by the nazi medics. However, even though it was for the Germans be nefit, it was torture for the Jewish and Non-German people. There is no way in which this experiment can be reconstructed to become an ethical process. However, since it was geared towards finding cures for those wounded in battle, what can be a possible suggestion is that, instead of using those innocent people and inflicting battle wounds, the wounded casualties should have been used instead, with consent ofcourse, to find those possible remedies for infections. Another senario, would have been to take blood samples of infected persons, again with consent, and test with appropriate apparatus/equipments to find cures. Tuskegee Syphilis Study- Learning more about syphillis and its treatment, especially for blacks in the U.S. This study had good intentions. However, it shifted from helping persons with the disease to becoming a study about the effects of untreated Syphilis on live patients. At the time, the â€Å"couloureds† had no access to medical care. This study was more or less based on Deception. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT MET: Respect for Human Dignity Informed Consent Respect for vulnerable persons minimizing harm and maximizing benefit Independence of research and conflicts of interest or partiality must be explicit. The participants in this study were not informed that they were more or less test subjects, and the doctors were more interested in the results of their autopsies. It is more accurate to say however that they were informed, but rather misinformed, and not notified that the disease they were being treated for was indeed serious and possibly fatal. â€Å"The duration of the experiment was so long that the study violated two laws that were passed since its beginning. The Henderson Act of 1943, which requires the testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and the World Health Organizations (W.H.O.) Declaration of Helsinki of 1964, which requires professionals to provide informed consent on all medical experiments that researched effects on people (Brunner, 2009). Despite the passing of these laws the doctors involved in the study not only withheld information from these men, but also deliberately misinformed them and prevented them from seeking alternative methods of effective treatment.† (Amaris Joy, 2011) How can this process be revised, so as to become more ethical? Participants need to be informed and not mislead about the study. Researchers should not maximize harm to obtain maximum benefit The rights of Human beings/dignity should be of a high priority Research should be made explicit Blood samples should have been taken, with consent and with the person being throughly informed, and then be analysed for a cure, thereby not using the individual and having him/her prone to any harm. Since penicilin was used to counter the disease, it should have been enforced. The government should have been aware that the study was going on after they found the penicilin cure and should have shut down the study. They should have been more aware of what was going on. The Willowbrook Study ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT MET: Respect for Vulnerable persons Respect for Human dignity Witholding information about risks Coercion or undue pressure on parents to volunteer their children. Willowbrook State School, located in Staten Island, is a school for retarded children, which in 1956, agreed to participate in a research experiment to determine the course of the hepatitis virus and whether or not gamma globulin (a protein complex which contains antigens to provoke the body to produce antibodies) could be used to inoculate children against the virus. How can this process be revised, so as to become more ethical? A series of Blood samples of those infected or who have now enrolled to the school, could have been taken with parents informed consent at different phases, and analysed with the various methods to find the cure. Children should not be taken for experimentation without their consent or parents consent children should not have been used as test subjects at all. Laud Humphrey, 1960s, Washington University (PhD diss) Tearoom Sex Study The study planned first to obtain information about homosexual practices in public restrooms and then to conduct further investigation on the men who took part in the acts. The researcher went undercover and gained the confidence of the men by acting as a look out. The researcher identified 100 active subjects by tracing their car license numbers. A year after he completed the initial study of direct observation of homosexual acts the researcher distributed a social health survey throughout the communities where he knew the subjects lived. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES NOT MET: Respect for privacy and confidentiality Respect for vulnerable persons Ensuring research was conducted in the best interest of society Respect for free and informed consent How can this process be revised, so as to become more ethical? What Laud Humphrey should have done, was not to pry on peoples privacy, but interview those who were willing to go along with his study, who found themselves in that category. Questionaires/Surveys done with confidentiality could have been done instead, being distributed to various communities. Section 2-Report THE UNIVERSITY OF RED BRICKS WARRENVILLE CAMPUS Research Ethics Board March 11, 2014 Dr. Researcha, University of Red Bricks, Warrenville Campus. Re: Approval report on the research proposal requested by Dr. Geographia. Dear Dr. Researcha, As an external reviewer of Dr. Geographias study of community vulnerability to natural disasters, I have approved the complete protocol, â€Å"Strategies of the richest and most famous: Minimizing vulnerability to Earthquakes and other Natural Disasters in Trinidad and Tobago.† The Project is scheduled to last twenty-four months, which includes the areas of Warrenville and surroundings, commencing on May 5, 2014. Dr. Geographia, is very experienced in this area of study, has published in peer reviewed journals, and has many books published in the subject area of natural hazards and risk perceptions. The protocol involves no special populations in particular, thereby reducing the ethical principle of subject vulnerability. The pupose of the proposed research is limited only to the social elite, being approximately five percent and not to socio-economically disadvantaged groups. According to the proposal read, this study seeks to disclose the resources, networks, and strategies of the countrys wealthiest and apply the results gained to formulate a â€Å"trickle-down† mobilization stategy. In emulating societys elite, this can strengthen the socially disadvantaged in coping with natural hazards. The study incorporates views and community perceptions.Quantitative methods such as blood sampling, laboratory usage, and other sampling experiments and analysis will not be performed. The study is a Qualitative study. Research material will be obtained through semi-structured interview via researchers within the residents homes, taped and transcibed, completed in the participants homes for their comfort, in keeping with ensuring research is conducted in the best interest of the society as a whole. The ethical principle of Privacy and confidentiality will therefore not be compromised as the study demands the highest discretions due to the wealth status of the individuals participating. Respect for free and informed consent, will be adhered, since once the participant decides to take part, their verbal consent will be recorded, and therefore a consent form will not be necessary. Data will be collated and analyzed in order to formulate applications to prevent loss and vulnerability among the poorest in the Region. Her study in no way violates any other ethical principles such as respect for human dignity, confidentiality, justice, and respect for minimizing harm and maximising benefit. No harm is done to the participants in the study. It has minimal to no risks involved. Benefits are obtained, when results are obtained and analyzed accordingly. The proposal is a more or less cost effective study. Whatever expences are required, are thereby funded by Right Hand Left Hand Insurance Group. A suggestion that I would recommend, is that Dr. Geographia should incorporate in her study, the views and opinions of the Poor. The study should be revised to incorporate the poor, although the main focus is on the social elite. The perspectives of the socio-economically disadvantage will add leverage to her study, and a deeper understanding of their own responces to natural hazards can be contrasted and compared to that of the social elite. Sincerly, _________________________ TARA TRISHA MANNIE. EXTERNAL REVIEWER

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Is it Constitutional to Bare Arms? Essay -- History

Is it Constitutional to Bare Arms? â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† These are the words of the second amendment as written by our forefathers. The question weather it is constitutionally legal or not has been debated for many years. In order to understand the true meaning of the above statement one must look back at the history surrounding it. The Bill of Rights was written over two hundred years ago, and much has changed over that period of time. Therefore, one must examine the language of the text again keeping in mind when it was written. I believe that it is constitutionally legal for individual citizens who are cable of bearing arms have the right to do so. To support my claim lets look back to our history books and we can see that after the Revolutionary War the Framers of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights were very leery of a strong government. One of the Public Affairs Director for the Second Amendment Foundations, states, â€Å"The Framers of the Constitution disturbed the national government enough to create the Bill of Rights. Why would they turn around and put so much faith in the stat governments? The Framers more likely distrusted all levels of government. This would be more consistent than trusting some level and not others† (LaCourse) At the time when the constitution was written Founding fathers just came out from the Revolutionary War ...

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Negotiating Indian and Chinese Culture

India is seventh largest country geographically and the second most populous country in the world. It is a democratic country. It is the origin for Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It has unity in diversity and diversity in unity. The name is derived from Indus, which is derived from the Old Persian word Hindu from sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus river (wikipedia, 2008) The most followed culture is Hinduism. The national language is Hindi, where as there are 29 officially recognized spoken languages including Hindi and English. Infrastructure of India is very beautiful one, all the people encourage and breed spiritualism. Ancient philosophies like ayurveda yoga vastu are practiced in India. We can see the thirst for holistic and spiritual inquiry. These are the things which attract foreigners to visit India, and learn Indian culture. It is multilingual and multiethnic society. India is also called as home to diversity of wildlife which has variety of habitats. India is the world’s twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the third largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms have transformed it into the second fastest growing economy in the world. (Kumar, 2008). It is not possible to find out exact origin of Indian people India's ethnic history is extremely complex, and distinct racial divisions between peoples generally cannot be drawn clearly. However, Negroid, Australoid, Mongoloid, and Caucasoid stocks are discernible. The first three are represented mainly by tribal peoples in the southern hills, the plateau, Assam, the Himalayas, and the Andaman Islands. The main Caucasoid elements are the Mediterranean, including groups dominant in much of the north, and the Nordic or Indo-Aryan, a taller, fairer-skinned strain dominant in the northwest. The dark-complexioned Dravidians of the south have a mixture of Mediterranean and Australoid features. In 1999, 72% of the population was Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other. (nationsencyclopedia, 1999). India has so many festivals. People love to celebrate all the festivals. They follow many rituals like pujas, fasting, feasting and all. Indian music includes classical, Hindustani, carnatic and also folk. Indian dance include bhangra, bharathanatyam, kathak, kuchipudi, and odissi. Though different regions have their own cultural dances, they like to participate in all kinds. India has rich customs and traditions. These help people to keep up binding together. Customs include house warming ceremony, naming ceremony, pheras, touching feet etc. Different religions include different prayers. Heritage places in India include like Taj Mahal, Konark, Ajanta-Ellora, Mahabaleswar, and Khajuraho. Tourist places include Delhi, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Goa and more. Chinese Culture The culture of china is one of the world’s oldest and complex civilizations. It has a history of more than 5000 years. It has varied customs and traditions varying among cities, towns and provinces. Traditional Chinese culture includes large geographical area. Each region has been divided into many sub-cultures. They include Sichuan, Yunnan Guizhou, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Hunan, and Hubei, According to Wikipedia, there were three sovereigns and five emperors. Different periods of history have different names for the various positions within society. Trades and crafts were usually taught by a sifu. (2008). There has been a blurred line among religion, myth and phenomenon. There are many deities included in the tradition. Most recognized holy figures are Jade Emperor, Guan Yin, and Budai. Door God and Imperial guardian lions are spiritual symbols extended from mythology. People there in China still believe in fortune telling rituals. China has the largest population of any country in the world. According to 2002 statistics, the total population of China is 1.28453 billion (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) or about one fifth of the world population. China also has a very dense population, with approximately 135 people per square kilometer. ( CRI Online, 2002). The main festivals of China includes Chinese new year, Double Ninth Festival, The seventh day of seventh lunar month, Duanwu festival, The laba festival and The lantern festival. Official spoken language of China is Mandarin. Other spoken languages include Cantonese, Xiang, Min, Hakka and more. Negotiation When both the cultures of India and China are considered, it is hard to conclude which one is the best. When considering business strategy electronic field is going better in China, where as most of else businesses including IT industry is growing well in India. When it comes to living style of an Individual, India is better. It is mainly because India has follow up most of all world cultures. Especially western people will not have any complaints working for the clients in India. It may be because of the high literacy, and huge practice of western culture. Both Indian and Chinese food has beautiful taste. When compared Chinese food is healthier but Indian food is tastier. People in India are more sophisticated than in China. References CRI Online (2002). Current situation of Chinese Population. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from ; http://english.cri.cn/1702/2006-9-28/[email  protected]; Encyclopedia of the Nations (1999). India Ethnic Groups. Retrieved March 10, 2008. ;http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/India-ETHNIC-GROUPS.html; The Epoch Times. (2008, January 22). Australia Blind to India’s Boom. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from ;http://en.epochtimes.com/news/8-1-22/64516.html; Wikipedia. (2008, March 10). Culture of China. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from ;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture; Wikipedia. (2008, March 10). India. Retrieved March 10, 2008, from ;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#_note-8; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Friday, January 3, 2020

Persuasive Essay Energy Drinks - 957 Words

Persuasive Essay. While sitting behind the steering wheel of your tractor trailer, you promptly notice time is swiftly passing. You’ve been driving for hours and yet sleeping is not plausible seeing y 12 hours remaining on your route. So, what should you do? Perhaps you struggle with the heaviness of your eyelids, or maybe you try what numerous truck drivers do; snag an energy drink. Without energy drinks, remaining alert as well as focused at a time such as this appears out of the question. This plight heightens an exceedingly debatable issue of recent times. Are energy drinks truly as harmful as almost everyone claims? Much more recently, one’s way of life is without question exceedingly fast-paced. Standards of living and†¦show more content†¦Energy drinks main function is to enable a person to extend ones workout routine and even helps to go another mile. Energy drinks can also expand your physical boundaries to the extreme. These types of drinks are conven ient to acquire then simply chug it down. This is certainly a simple approach for a ton of energy. Now let s consider the cons checklist which is apparently a bit lengthier! Even though the can tends to be lightweight, the drink could cause you to gain weight. These products tend to be bombarded with sugars to achieve that burst of energy. This sugar or sucrose can result in excessive weight and thus result in s various serious health issues. Hence, an energy drink could in fact be a gate-way for larger disorders. Be weary, it is indeed addicting. Anybody can quite simply become accustomed to the power boost these beverages give. Discontinuing ones consumption might also cause withdrawal signs or symptoms that consist of painful migraines in addition to mood changes. An investigation performed by a research scientist named Kathleen E. Miller, PhD, reveals that individuals between the ages of 13 – 30, consuming energy drinks are more likely to participate in other risky behav iors like smoking, drug use and illicit sex. http://www.buffalo.edu/ria/staff/scientists/kmiller.alt.html Energy drinks hinder the benefits of adenosine and even instigates the development of adrenaline in the pituitary gland. Prolonged usage could lead to adrenalShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Energy Drinks1295 Words   |  6 Pagesfor studying or playing games or anything. The next morning they’re too tired and sometimes they oversleep and are late for school. To solve this problem, they just drink a can of Red bull or any kind of energy drink so they don’t fall asleep in class. Energy drinks are one of the most popular drinks in the United States. Energy drinks arent healthy and are loaded with high amounts of caffeine. They contain ingredients that are harmful to the body. People may think they wake a person up and get hisRead MorePersuasive Essay On Energy Drinks1057 Words   |  5 Pagesgrab a energy drink to keep you up and do the homework but what you do not know is how those energy drinks treat you and your body down the road. Then as you go through the week you keep grabbing and buying more and more energy drinks and you get addicted so you keep going and going through all of the energy drinks and then first it was a day and then it turned into a week and then it turned into a month and if you last that long it turns into a year. And then the last energy drink you drink turnsRead MoreEssay on Pepsi’s 2003 Advertising Campaign1085 Words   |  5 Pagesconsumer product companies in the world. It divides into two major domestic and international businesses, beverages and snack foods. In order to attract the broadest number of customers, advertising plays a significant role. In this essay, the advertising campaign of Pepsi in 2003, which was unveiled not only on TV, but outdoor advertising as well, will be analyzed. The aim for this campaign is about combine consumption of food and Pepsi. A general picture of this advertising Read MoreArgumentative Essays About Obesity1560 Words   |  7 Pagesmay Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 350,000 just like it! get better grades be due to the convenience of foods high in fat. Teens and adolescents rely on things they can afford. Fast-food restaurants and low-cost candy is affordable and convenient; therefore, children turn to these. Adolescents are also under an extreme amount of stress, often juggling school and work. To balance their lives, some consider caffeinated beverages and energy drinks to help. ButRead MoreSolar Energy is Superior Essay991 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Essay: Solar Energy is Superior! Did you ever think about where your drinking water comes from? The water that we drink was initially sea water that has undergone a scientific process called desalination. Desalination is a chemical process in which natural compounds are separated from water, making the water clean and drinkable. Traditionally, sea water is propelled through hydraulic pumps which create a flow to separate the water from the sea salt. Hydraulic pumps require certain chemicalsRead MoreCoke Products Are Consumed Everyday1404 Words   |  6 Pageswill show various ways that the company has improved their marketing of the popular soft drink. While analyzing the two separate Coca-Cola commercials, this essay will show the similarities and differences between the two. The TV commercial â€Å"Smart Shoppers Drink Coca-Cola† from the 1950s presents the classic soft drink in a positive, encouraging, persuasive manner that will attract consumers. The soft drink is present by a male narrator in a restaurant setting. The narrator starts by asking a directRead MorePrevention Persuasive Essay : Cancer Prevention941 Words   |  4 PagesAllie Cormier 01/30/2015 Dr. Green Biology B Cancer Prevention Persuasive Essay Everyday, an abundance of people ask what they can do to prevent themselves from especially getting cancer. Cancer, very similar to the steps of mitosis, occurs when cells divide uncontrollably. It starts by how a cell or a group of cells doesn’t follow the body’s typical growth controls. Cancer is hard to detect in the early stages due to the fact that it produces very few symptoms. Many rumors go around about whatRead MoreFallacies : A Logical Fallacy1741 Words   |  7 PagesA logical fallacy is false or misinforming opinions that prove nothing. At times fallacies seem to be sound, and often have lots of persuasive control, even after it’s undoubtedly exposed as being untrue. Fallacies are not always deliberate, still yet we find them all over the place, like commercials for an example. Though there are several logical fallacies, four logical fallacies generally found in advertising are amphiboly, appeal to authority, appeal to emotion, and non sequitur (log ic). FallaciesRead MoreEssay on The Mighty Red Bull in the World of Marketing3258 Words   |  14 Pagesthe brand Red Bull-an energy drink. An entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz founded the company Red Bull GmbH in 1984 after encountering the original drink called Krating Daeng (indirectly translates to Red Bull) in Thailand. The drink is an energy booster, which increases attention and concentration and also incentivizes your metabolism (Bized, 2008). The brand enjoys worldwide annual sales of more than one billion cans and claims a 60% volume share of the world’s energy drinks (Mintel, 2005). In 2003Read MoreCommon Pharmacological Treatments For Alcohol Dependence1803 Words   |  8 Pagessubstantial burden of disease and disability in both developed and developing countries† (Babor, 2008). Moreover, the aim to archive social standardisation seems to be lagged behind. Therefore, it is imperative to eradicate this serious problem. This essay will examine three common pharmacological treatments for alcohol dependence: Disulfiram, Acamprosate and Naltrexone and its possible problems. Then it will argue that Acamprosate is the most effective treatment and some recommendations such as combinational